Zygaena trifolii (Esper, 1783)


Zygaena trifolii: Female (Schwäbisch Gmünd, July 2010) [M] Zygaena trifolii: Adult (Mainhardt, S-Germany, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Adult (Mainhardt, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Adult (Mainhardt, S-Germany,July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Adult (Mainhardt, S-Germany, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Adult (Mainhardt, S-Germany, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Adult (Mainhardt, S-Germany, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Female (S-Germany, Mainhardt, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Female at the cocoon (Schwäbisch Gmünd, S-Germany, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Adult (S-Germany, Schwäbisch Gmünd, July 2010) Zygaena trifolii: Adult (S-Germany, Schwäbisch Gmünd, July 2010) Zygaena trifolii: Female (Mainhardt, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Adult (S-Germany, Mainhardt, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Adult (S-Germany, Mainhardt, 31. July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Adult (S-Germany, Mainhardt, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Adult, the animals also use the larval host plant Lotus uliginosus as nectar ressource (S-Germany, Mainhardt, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Copulation (S-Germany, Mainhardt, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Mating (Mainhardt, S-Germany,July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Male (S-Germany, Isny, July 2022) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Male (S-Germany, Isny, July 2022) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Female (S-Germany, Isny, July 2022) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Mating (Memmingen, Southern Germany) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Ovae (S-Germany, Memmingen) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Eggs (S-Germany, Schwäbisch Gmünd, July 2010) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Ovae (S-Germany, Schwäbisch Gmünd, July 2010) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Eggs (S-Germany, Isny, July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Eggs (S-Germany, Isny, July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Eggs (S-Germany, Isny, July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: First eggs ready to hatch (S-Germany, Isny, July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L1 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L1 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L1 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L1 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L1 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L1 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Feeding traces larva L1 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Young larva Lín the first instar L1 (e.o. S-Germany, Schwäbisch Gmünd, 2010) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L2 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L2 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Eggs (S-Germany, Isny, July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L2 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L2 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L2 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L3 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L3 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L3 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L3 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Young larva prior to hibernation (e.o. S-Germany, Schwäbisch Gmünd, 2010) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Young larva prior to hibernation (e.o. S-Germany, Mainhardt, 2010) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L4 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L4 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L4 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva L4 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the diapause skin in first hibernation (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the diapause skin in first hibernation (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the diapause skin in first hibernation (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larvae in different sizes in the diapause skin in first hibernation (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the diapause skin in first hibernation. Already there larvae may be in different instars, here L5D, others often smaller (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva after moult out of the diapause after the first hibernation (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva after moult out of the diapause after the first hibernation (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the first instar after diapause (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the first instar after diapause (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the first instar after diapause (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the first instar after diapause (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the second instar after diapause (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the second instar after diapause (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the second instar after diapause (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the second instar after diapause (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the diapause skin in a second hibernation (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the diapause skin in a second hibernation (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larvae in the diapause skin in a second hibernation (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the penultimate instar (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the penultimate instar (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the penultimate instar (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the penultimate instar (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the penultimate instar (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the penultimate instar (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva in the penultimate instar (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (Mainhardt, June 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (Mainhardt, June 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (Mainhardt, June 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (Mainhardt, June 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (Mainhardt, June 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (Mainhardt, June 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larva (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Construction of the cocoon 1/10 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Construction of the cocoon 2/10 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Construction of the cocoon 3/10 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Construction of the cocoon 4/10 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Construction of the cocoon 5/10 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Construction of the cocoon 6/10 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Construction of the cocoon 7/10 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Construction of the cocoon 8/10 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Construction of the cocoon 9/10 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Construction of the cocoon 10/10 (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Cocoon (S-Germany, Mainhardt, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Cocoon (S-Germany, Mainhardt, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Cocoon opened (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Cocoon opened (e.o. rearing, S-Germany, Isny, oviposition in July 2022) [S] Zygaena trifolii: Larval habitat: Lotus uliginosus in a wet meadow (Mainhardt, S-Germany, June 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Habitat near Mainhardt in S-Germany: orchid-rich fen meadow, where also Maculinea nausithous and M. teleius fly (June 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Habitat (S-Germany, Mainhardt, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Habitat (S-Germany, Mainhardt, July 2010) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Habitat in a bushy fen with Paradiarsia punicea (S-Germany, Isny, July 2022) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Habitat in a bushy fen with Paradiarsia punicea (S-Germany, Isny, July 2022) [N] Zygaena trifolii: Habitat in a Molinia fen on the right side of the ditch. Unfortunately for species like C. tullia, E. aurinia and Z. trifolii this fen is still dewatered, even by new ditches (SW-Bavaria, Seeg, June 2020) [N]

Host plants:
Lotus corniculatus and - most commonly - Lotus uliginosus

Habitat:
Primarily Zygaena trifolii inhabits wet meadows, fens (often very small remnant habitats) and ditch verges. Farther north in Central Europe it is also found in dry grasslands (according to literature).

At Schwäbisch Gmünd (Southern Germany) Zygaena trifolii appeared numerously in 2010 in a road embankment that had been sown with grasslands species about 6 years ago in the north of the city, where also occur Zygaena filipendulae, Cupido argiades, Polyommmatus semiargus and Hadena perplexa. Unfortunately, in the next few years the senselessly planted trees will destroy the habitat again.

Life cycle:
I found half-grown caterpillars in the northern foreland of the Alps near Memmingen in mid-May together with mature larvae of Boloria eunomia. Generally they are fully-grown in June (many observations in southern Germany). The moth flies in July and August. Zygaena trifolii uses almost all available flowers, but particularly Lotus uliginosus, Betonica officinalis and Cirsium. This species can overwinter as a caterpillar more than once as it is the case with most Zygaena.

In southern France (Mediterranean coast near Perpignan) I observed a few individuals in mid-October 2013 which should belong to a partial second generation. This also occurs in Spain.

Endangerment: endangered

Endangerment factors:
Zygaena trifolii can reproduce in rather small wetlands. But these are particularly vulnerable to eutrophication (buffer areas needed!), succession and neophyts such as Solidago canadensis. In addition, such habitats are often incorporated into fields and meadows, misused as deposits for timber or afforestated.

Remarks:
Zygaena trifolii is easily confused with Zygaena lonicerae.
The distribution is southwestern European (Atlanto-Mediterranean type). The moth occurs from Northwest Africa across the Iberian Peninsula and France to England, Germany, Poland and Denmark. In Austria it is only found in the west (Vorarlberg). In southern Italy there are apparently small populations in Sicily.



Zygaena alluaudi | Zygaena angelicae | Zygaena anthyllidis | Zygaena brizae | Zygaena carniolica | Zygaena contaminei | Zygaena corsica | Zygaena cynarae | Zygaena diaphana | Zygaena ephialtes | Zygaena erythrus | Zygaena exulans | Zygaena fausta | Zygaena filipendulae | Zygaena hilaris | Zygaena ignifera | Zygaena johannae | Zygaena laeta | Zygaena lavandulae | Zygaena lonicerae | Zygaena loti | Zygaena minos | Zygaena nevadensis | Zygaena occitanica | Zygaena orana | Zygaena osterodensis | Zygaena oxytropis | Zygaena punctum | Zygaena purpuralis | Zygaena rhadamanthus | Zygaena romeo | Zygaena rubicundus | Zygaena sarpedon | Zygaena sedi | Zygaena transalpina | Zygaena viciae