Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758)


Pieris napi: Female (Memmingen, Southern Germany) [S] Pieris napi: Female (S-Germany, Sigmaringen, May 2013) [N] Pieris napi: Female (e.o., Memmingen, S-Germany, eggs found in July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Female (e.o., Memmingen, S-Germany, eggs found in July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Female (e.o., Memmingen, S-Germany, eggs found in July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Female (e.o., Memmingen, S-Germany, eggs found in July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Female (e.o., Memmingen, S-Germany, eggs found in July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Female (e.o., Memmingen, S-Germany, eggs found in July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Female (e.o., Memmingen, S-Germany, eggs found in July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Female (e.o., Memmingen, S-Germany, eggs found in July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Male (Memmingen, Southern Germany) [N] Pieris napi: Male, April 2010, Memmingen, Southern Germany) [N] Pieris napi: Male (e.o., S-Germany, Heidenheim-Dischingen, egg found in late June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Male (e.o., S-Germany, Heidenheim-Dischingen, egg found in late June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Male, third generation (e.o., S-Germany, Heidenheim-Dischingen, egg found in late June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Female (Memmingen, September 2010) [S] Pieris napi: Mating (S-Germany, Kempter Wald, July 2020) [N] Pieris napi: Mating (eastern Swabian Alb, Southern Germany, August 2010) [N] Pieris napi: Lower side [N] Pieris napi: Lower side [N] Pieris napi: Adult (Memmingen 2011) Pieris napi: Female (S-Germany, Sigmaringen, May 2013) [N] Pieris napi: Female (S-Germany, Sigmaringen, mid-May 2013) [N] Pieris napi: Adult, victim of a spider (S-Germany, Memmingen, 10. August 2013) [N] Pieris napi: Adult ssp. adalwinda (N-Sweden, Abisko, late June 2020) [N] Pieris napi: Egg (Memmingen, S-Germany, 23. May 2007) [M] Pieris napi: Egg (Heidenheim, S-Germany, 18. June 2007) [M] Pieris napi: Egg (Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, 27. June 2022) [M] Pieris napi: Egg (Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, 27. June 2022) [M] Pieris napi: Egg (Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [M] Pieris napi: Egg (Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [M] Pieris napi: Egg (Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [M] Pieris napi: Egg (Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [M] Pieris napi: Egg (Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [M] Pieris napi: Ovum (Memmingen, August 2011) [N] Pieris napi: Egg (Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [M] Pieris napi: L1 (Memmingen 2011) [S] Pieris napi: L1 larva (e.o. rearing, Tauberbischofsheim, S-Germany, egg found in August 2023) [S] Pieris napi: L1 larva (e.o. rearing, Tauberbischofsheim, S-Germany, egg found in August 2023) [S] Pieris napi: L1 larva (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L1 larva (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L1-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L1-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, September 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L1-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L1-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L1 larvae in the end of this instar. Normally oviposition occurs singly, but here a very suitable plant of Cardamine pratensis had been massively occupied with eggs. (Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [M] Pieris napi: L2-larva (e.o. Memmingen 2011) [S] Pieris napi: L2 larva (e.o. rearing, Tauberbischofsheim, S-Germany, egg found in August 2023) [S] Pieris napi: L2 larva (e.o. rearing, Tauberbischofsheim, S-Germany, egg found in August 2023) [S] Pieris napi: L2-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L2-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L2-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L2-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L2-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, September 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L2-larva (e.o. Memmingen 2011) [S] Pieris napi: L3-larva (Memmingen, Southern Germany) [S] Pieris napi: L3-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L3-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L3 larva (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L3 larva (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L3-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L3-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L3-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L3-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L3-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Larva in penultimate instar (e.o. Memmingen 2011) [S] Pieris napi: Larva in penultimate instar (e.o. Memmingen 2011) [S] Pieris napi: L4 larva (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L4 larva (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L4 larva (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L4-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2023) [S] Pieris napi: L4-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2023) [S] Pieris napi: L4-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L4-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L4-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L4-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, September 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L4-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, September 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L4-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, September 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L4-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, September 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5 larva, last instar (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5 larva, last instar (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, August 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5 larva, last instar (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5 larva, last instar (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5 larva, last instar (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5 larva, last instar (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5 larva, last instar (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5 larva, last instar (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5 larva, last instar (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5-larva (e.o. Memmingen, S-Germany, July 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Larva (e.o. Memmingen 2011) [S] Pieris napi: Larva (e.o. Memmingen 2011) [S] Pieris napi: Larva (Memmingen, September 2010) [N] Pieris napi: Larva (Memmingen, September 2010) [N] Pieris napi: L5 larva on its way for pupation (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: L5 larva on its way for pupation (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Prepupa (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Pupa (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Pupa (e.o. rearing, Heidenheim, Dischingen, S-Germany, egg found on 27. June 2022) [S] Pieris napi: Pupa that has hibernated on a twig despite bad camouflage (S-Germany, Memmingen, 01. March 2015)  [N] Pieris napi: Pupa that has hibernated on a twig despite bad camouflage (S-Germany, Memmingen, 01. March 2015) [N] Pieris napi: Pupa hibernated on a trunk in a mixed forest (S-Germany, Stuttgart, 05. March 2017) [N] Pieris napi: Pupa hibernated on a trunk in a mixed forest (S-Germany, Stuttgart, 05. March 2017) [N] Pieris napi: Pupa [S] Pieris napi: Pupa [S] Pieris napi: Pupa [S] Pieris napi: Typical larval habitats are rather shady verges of forest roads with occurrence of Alliaria as here in the northern Upper Rhine Valley in Germany (September 2012) [N] Pieris napi: Larval habitat with Alliaria petiolata. In Spring larvae of Anthocaris cardamines are common here (S-Germany, Memmingen, August 20220) [N] Pieris napi: Larval habitat with Alliaria petiolata. In Spring larvae of Anthocaris cardamines are common here (S-Germany, Memmingen, August 20220) [N] Pieris napi: Larval habitat with Alliaria petiolata. In Spring larvae of Anthocaris cardamines are common here (S-Germany, Memmingen, August 20220) [N]

Host plants:
The caterpillar lives on mostly wild Brassicaceae, such as Alliaria petiolata or Cardamine species. It occurs occasionally on Reseda and rarely also capuchin cress (Tropaeolum). The caterpillars live only very rarely on cultivated cabbages.

Habitat:
Pieris napi is a ubiquist, but finds its optimum at woody places and in forest fringes. In the agricultural fields the butterfly is much less common than Pieris rapae.

Life cycle:
There are two or three, rarely even four generations between March and October. In the spring, Pieris napi is more common than in the autumn. This indicates that the generations are not complete. The pupa overwinters.

Endangerment factors:
Pieris napi is common and not endangered.

Remarks:
The distribution is ranging from North Africa across Europe and Asia to North America (Holarctic distribution type).



Pieris balcana | Pieris brassicae | Pieris bryoniae | Pieris cheiranthi | Pieris ergane | Pieris krueperi | Pieris mannii | Pieris rapae